Oral thrush (candidiasis) is an infectious disease caused by the overgrowth of yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, most commonly Candida albicans. Although these fungi are normally found in the human body, their numbers can increase significantly under certain conditions and cause unpleasant symptoms. Thrush is more common in infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems, but it can affect anyone. Here are seven important facts that can help you better understand how to recognize, treat, and prevent oral thrush.

1. Oral thrush is not just a “white coating”

The most obvious symptom of thrush is a white, cheesy coating on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, palate, or tonsils. However, it is important to understand that there may be a more serious process behind this symptom. The white coating is difficult to remove and can cause burning sensations, pain, and even cracks in the corners of the mouth. In some cases, there may be a deterioration in the sense of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth.

2. The causes are not always obvious

Although thrush most often occurs against the background of a weakened immune system (for example, in HIV-infected people, after chemotherapy or during steroid treatment), there are also other triggering factors. Including:

  • Taking antibiotics (they disrupt the balance of the microflora)
  • Smoking
  • Dry mouth (also due to mouth breathing or taking certain medications)
  • Diabetes (especially if blood sugar levels are poorly controlled)
  • Using dentures
  • Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause)

Excessive consumption of sweets can also promote the growth of Candida fungi.

3. Thrush in infants is extremely common

In newborns and infants, candidiasis can occur already in the first weeks of life. This is due to an immature immune system and possible transmission of the fungus from the mother during childbirth. Symptoms in children include a white coating on the tongue and restlessness when feeding. It is important to distinguish candidiasis from ordinary milky coating (after breastfeeding), which is easily removed and doesn't cause pain.

4. It is contagious, but not always

Oral thrush can be transmitted through kissing, sharing cutlery, or oral sex. However, infection is unlikely in a healthy person with a normal immune system. However, people with a weakened immune system should be especially careful and avoid contact with infected people.

5. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis

There is no point in self-diagnosing. White plaque in the mouth can be a symptom of other diseases, such as leukoplakia, bacterial infections, or even a manifestation of cancer. If you notice suspicious plaque, burning, or pain in the mouth, it is important to see a dentist, general practitioner, or щtolaryngologist. To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor may take a swab from the affected area for laboratory analysis.

6. Prevention is better than a cure

To avoid oral thrush, follow simple but effective rules:

  • Pay attention to your oral hygiene (brush your teeth twice a day, change your toothbrush every 2-3 months)
  • Visit your dentist regularly
  • Avoid excessive sugar consumption
  • Limit the use of antibiotics and hormonal drugs - only as prescribed by a doctor
  • Maintain your immune system: good nutrition, physical activity, and healthy sleep
  • If you wear dentures, clean them daily, and don't leave them in your mouth overnight

7. Treatment may be simple, but it requires discipline

Thrush is most often treated with antifungal medications in the form of tablets, drops, gels, or rinses. In mild cases, local treatments may be sufficient. In severe or recurrent cases, antifungal medications (like fluconazole) are necessary. It is also important to eliminate the triggering factor: replacing dentures, adjusting medication intake, normalizing sugar levels in diabetes, etc.

The bottom line

Oral thrush in the mouth is not only an aesthetic problem. This is a signal that the balance in the body is disturbed, and it should not be ignored. The sooner you seek help, the easier and faster the treatment will be. Don't be afraid to ask your doctor questions and take care of your health. Even a seemingly harmless "white coating" in the mouth may turn out to be just the tip of the iceberg.